Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Essay

Today we have the pleasure of discussing the Evolution of Health Care Information Systems. Specifically we will review a compare and contrast of a health care facilities operations today with the operations of it 20 years ago. We will define HCIS as well as look at different health information systems today and major events and technological advantages that have influenced current Health Care Information Systems (HCIS) practices. We will learn how health care information systems have shaped the delivery of health care today so that we may be a part of the solution. Health Care Information Systems To truly understand the benefit of Health Care Information Systems, it is critical that a clear understanding of its true definition is learned. We know that data consists of raw facts about people, places, events and other things that are of importance in any organization. When that data is processed into a more meaningful form, it is then called information and can be the basis for decision making. According to Wager, Lee & Glaser (2009), â€Å"a health care information system (HCIS) is an arrangement of information (data), processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output information needed to support the health care organization†. To further put things into perspective, there are two primary classes of health care information systems and they are administrative and clinical. Although they are both health care information systems, they perform totally different functions and contain different information. An administrative information system would contain information specific to financial data or administrative that would help to support management and general operations of the health care organization. These systems might support personnel management, supply management, equipment or human resources management. Clinical information systems are very different from administrative in that  they contain information that is clinical in nature or health-related that is used by health care providers when diagnosing, treating, and monitoring patients care. Wager, Lee & Glaser, (2009). Another interesting fact about clinical information systems is that these systems can be departmental such as radiology, pharmacy or laboratory systems. Wager, Lee, & Glaser, (2009). Skilled Nursing Facilities 20 years later Skilled Nursing Facilities have made leaps and bounds in significant changes over the past 20 years. Tanner Memorial Hospital, which is now Tanner Health System is nothing like it originated 20 years back and has now transformed into a health system with all its specialties and wide range of services currently offered. It did not offer inpatient behavioral care in the same capacity as today and in fact, when the new Willowbrooke at Tanner opened in Villa Rica, GA, it was the newest facility of its kind in the last 20 years and consisted of beds for adults, elder adults, children and adolescents. Tanner Health Systems, (2012). Information technology was slow to take off 20 years ago in the health care industry. Skilled nursing facilities were doing things manually which was hand written documentation or typewritten. This is quite different from today when information technology has exploded and continues to expand and develop at a rapid pace. According to Sheehan (2011), until recent years technology was not a subject that was often mentioned in the long term care environment. There was a perception that the â€Å"LTC industry is somewhat of a late adaptor of technological advancements†. Today all that is changing due to â€Å"provider demand, vendor interest and a growing number of tech-savvy seniors†. (Sheehan, 2011). Although 20 years ago skilled nursing facilities may have been falling behind in recognizing the vital importance of implementing information systems, today skilled nursing facilities relay heavily on technology like telemedine or tele-health. Many facilities that are in rural areas are really dependent on telemedicine and tele-health. Billing operation systems, clinical and administrative information systems are now a necessity for successful daily operations and skilled nursing relies heavily on information technology to process payroll, employee records, updating patient care and treatment plans, insurance and personal information. During the 1980’s, health care systems were for collecting data about patient demographics, insurance information and other information for billing purposes. Today, current health care information systems offer a more flexible and sophisticated framework. There is no longer the daunting tasks of writing things manually and other administrative duties that were time consuming. We now have sophisticated systems that are capable of handling clinical decision support systems, archiving communication systems, and digitization of diagnostic images. (Hebda, Czar, & Mascara, 2009). 20 years ago, physicians were a bit reluctant to share patient information with other physician practices, today physician practices are finding creative and innovative ways to exchange patient health information in a timely, efficient and secured manner which enhances coordination of patient care. The implementation of electronic medical record systems prevents the delays attributed to traditional mail or faxing paper medical records. These health care information systems help physician practices to effectively and efficiently share information that can reduce health care costs as well as improve patient care. Two Major Event and Technological Advantages A major event that influence health care information systems is the enactment of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This law plays a pivotal role in â€Å"regulating, and increasing the confidentiality, and securing of health care data† (HIPAA, 2003). With the ability to pay and submit claims electronically, there was a definite need for protecting data and it was apparent. Before HIPAA came along, the rules and regulations were quite different from state to state and between health care organizations. There was no consistency and the need for regulation was visible from all stakeholders involved. Another major event was in 2004 when President Bush asked health care providers to implement Electronic Health Records (EHR) by 2014. The Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) joined the initiative and also asked health care providers to be compliant with the new legislation. Many community-based physician practices that were once reluctant to conform to the implementation of new technology are now realizing the many benefits of  the health care information systems like computerized physician order entry (CPOE), electronic medical records (EMR), tele-medicine and automated billing systems. The implementation of tele-health and telemedicine brought about many advances in healthcare and continue to prove to be a needed health resource. Conclusion The evolution of health care information systems will continue to have a positive effect and a huge significance to the health care industry. Tele-health and telemedicine are major events that have shaped todays delivery of health care and HIPAA laws will continue to protect the rights of patients and their personal information. In the Mid 1980’s and early 1990’s, physician practices would not have imagines that Health Care Information Systems would play such a vital role in shaping the delivery of health care and yet, here we are. References Czar, P., & Mascara, C. (2009). Handbook of informatics for nurses & health care professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall HIPAA.org (February 12, 2003).HIPAA. Retrieved July 13, 2014 from http://www.hipaa.org/ Sheehan, P. (2011, July). Technology takes off in health care. Long-Term Living, Retrieved from http://www.ltlmagazine.com/article/technology-takes-long-term-care Hebda, T., Tanner.org (2012) Retrieved July 12, 2014 from http://www.tanner.org/Main/History.aspx Wager, K. A., Lee, F. W., & Glaser, J. P. (2009). Health care information systems: A practical approach for health care management. (2nd ed.). (pp. 87-90). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Wiley.

Chinese philosophy Essay

. Introduction A. Thesis There are so many different philosophies and religions, and they greatly influence people’s life. In this paper, I am going to introduce and define the representatives of the Western philosophy such as Plato’s metaphysical Dualism and Chinese philosophy like Daoism. And I am going to compare these philosophies and explain the difference between them. ?. Dualism A. Explain Plato’s metaphysical Dualism Plato’s Dualism divided the reality into two different realms of existence (World of the Senses and World of the Forms). One world (the physical world) is constantly changing, and another world (the world of the Forms) is unchanging. Plato further divided these two different realms of existence. The world of Forms can be divided into the higher world (realm of the form) and the lower world (the Empirical world). The world of senses can be divided into physical objects (ordinary objects we perceive) and images (shadows, reflections and pictures). B. Summary of Allegory of Cave Plato explained his metaphysical dualism by using the Allegory of a cave. According to Marc Cohen: In the allegory, Plato likens people untutored in the Theory of Forms to prisoners chained in a cave, unable to turn their heads. All they can see is the wall of the cave. Behind them burns a fire. Between the fire and the prisoners there is a parapet, along which puppeteers can walk. The puppeteers, who are behind the prisoners, hold up puppets that cast shadows on the wall of the cave. The prisoners are unable to see these puppets, the real objects that pass behind them. What the prisoners see and hear are shadows and echoes cast by objects that they do not see. However, one day one of them is released from what keeps them the guy sitting, and they look back. At that time, the guy realizes that there are objects and the fire behind people and someone moves the objects. The shadow people have seen is a fake. People who are still sitting have never seen the objects behind them, so they believe that the shadow is real. The guy is free to move, so he starts to run to the exit of the cave. After getting out of the cave, the guy feels dizzy because the world out of the cave is too shiny. After a while, his eyes got used to the brightness and the beautiful world like the mountain, the sky, the river, or the sun is in the eyes of the guy. And then he realizes that the world out of the cave is real. He goes back to the cave and tells people who are still sitting in the cave what he saw out of the cave. However, they do not believe that what the guy told is the truth. C. Interpretation of the Allegory By using this Allegory, we can think about today’s world. There are too much in formation in the world, and the world seems to be narrower than before. Especially the appearance of mass media like newspaper, television, magazine, Internet, or SNS changed how we deal with information. Too much information is created and flows every day, and we can get the information you need any time by the device like a smart phone, a PC or a tablet. However, is the information you can get really the reality? The information created by mass media might be like the shadow in a cave. Before I was born, there was already too much information. I learned much information like Japanese history in a school, and I also know the new information of the incidence that occurs every day at the same time through mass media. So I learned most of things that occurred around the world through the information created by mass media, and the information is like a shadow in Allegory of a Cave. Suppose that an internal warfare is happening in one country. We know about that through mass media. We might see suffers in a TV or in a photo. We feel like understand everything about the war through the picture on TV or words of the News, but that is not a whole thing but just part of that. We need to seek the reality by my own eyes today’s world. ?. Plato’s Legacy According to Philip, â€Å"Plato thought that the soul could and would exist apart from the body and would exist after the death of the body. He offered a â€Å"proof† for this position and was the first to do so in writing that we have any evidence of doing so. He offered several different proofs or arguments none of which are convincing today†. His argument was that humans were composed of bodies and souls, but soul was more important and immortal. His arguments used premises that are questionable today. For example, Plato thought he could conclude that the soul could exist separating from the body because it worked independently from the body when it engaged in pure thought. But today, it is proved that how we think depends on the physical brain works. So this is no longer accepted as true. Plato thought that they are remembering the knowledge implanted in their souls when the souls were in the realm of pure thought and eternal forms before entering into the body after which they forgot as they became confused by physical emotions and feelings and limited experiences through the senses. And that is the only way to explain how people come to know. This is no longer accepted as the best explanation of how people come to have knowledge. However, Plato is credited with being the first human to attempt to set out any sort of a proof that humans had souls and that they survived the death of the body and that they were immortal. A. Descartes-Substance Dualism According to Philip, â€Å"Descartes also believed that the soul existed prior to and separate from the body, and it was immortal. In his view, all of reality consisted of two very different substances: matter or the physical and spirit or the non-physical. † The physical was what would be extended in time and space and the non-physical would not be characterized. He thought that his famous claim that â€Å"I think therefore I am† established not just that he existed but that he existed without a body as a â€Å"thinking thing†. A â€Å"thinking thing† is a thing that thinks and by that would be included: imagining, conceiving, hoping, dreaming, desiring, fearing, conjecturing, reasoning, remembering and more. For him a â€Å"thinking thing† needed no physical parts to do what it does. Modern science has established that there is no evidence of humans that are without a physical body and its brain. There is no evidence that thought is possible without a brain. There is much evidence that what has been associated with Descartes’ â€Å"thinking thing† is now explained solely in term of the brain and how the brain is physically structured and the functioning of the brain. B. Aquinas According to the text, â€Å"Saint Thomas Aquinas is the philosopher who explained five ways to demonstrate the existence of the God within the framework of a posteriori (the knowledge comes from, or after the experience) and developed cosmological and teleological arguments. † I am going to explain one of the demonstrations. The way is from the nature of efficient cause. In the world of sensible things, there is an order of efficient causes. It never happens that the thing is the efficient cause of itself. If you look at one phenomenon, you can see many efficient causes behind it. But you cannot go back to infinity. There must be the first efficient cause. Aquinas claims that that is the God. The Aquinas’ claim is similar to Plato’s claim. He thought the God is the first efficient cause and independent one. That is close to the concept â€Å"the realm of the form† Plato claimed. And the things in the world of sensible things are the secondary things of the God. It is close to â€Å"the Empirical world† Plato claimed. ?. Chinese Natural Cosmology A. Ames `Image of Reason in Chinese Culture† Ames claims the difference between the dominant conceptions of reality in the West and in the Chinese tradition in his â€Å"image of Reason in Chinese Culture†. According to the text, Ames claims that â€Å"to explore the Chinese philosophy, he thought you needed to recognize at least that you are dealing with a fundamentally different world if you are familiar with Western culture. To bring into relief certain features of the dominant Indo-European view and Chinese alternative to it, he constructs a â€Å"logical sense of order with an â€Å"aesthetic† order. † What we call â€Å"logical† sense of order has developed Western philosophical and religious orthodoxy, and it is based on the presumption that there is something permanent, perfect, objective, and universal that disciplines the world of charge and guarantees natural and moral order-some originative and determinative arche, an eternal realm of Platonic edios or â€Å"ideas†, the One True God of the Judeo-Christian universe, a transcendental strongbox of invariable principles or laws, an annalistic method for discerning clear and distinct ideas. In a single-order world, the One God is the initial beginning of the universe. The God is primal and unchanging principle that causes and explains that origin and issues everything from itself, and that is familiar and presupposition in Western tradition. Although the world is explained by â€Å"logical† order in Western tradition, however, there is no â€Å"logical† order in Chinese philosophy. The order of Chinese tradition is immanent in and inseparable from a spontaneously changing world. The universe possesses within itself its organizational principles and its own creative energy. In the view of Chinese tradition, the world creates itself. That is scandalous from the view point of Western scholar reason. The yin and the yan come together and guide the infinite combination of these two opposite source of energy. These two sources of energy make a spontaneous intelligence possible. Yin and yan as the characterization of a particular relationship invariably entail a perception from some particular perspective that enables us to unravel patterns of relatedness and interpret our circumstances. They provide a vocabulary for sorting out the relationship among things as they come together and constitute themselves in unique compositions. Ames also mentions the Chinese word â€Å"li†. In both classical Chinese corpus and modern language, the closest term that approximates â€Å"reason† or â€Å"principle†. He claims that identifying the meaning of the word â€Å"li† correctly is essential to understand Chinese philosophy. According to the text, â€Å"Philosophically, the most familiar uses of li lie somewhere in the cluster â€Å"reasoning† or â€Å"rationale† (A. S. Cua), â€Å"principle† (W.T. Chan), â€Å"organism† (J. Needham), and â€Å"coherence† (W. Peterson). † Among these several alternative translations used for â€Å"li†, although philosophically as protean as â€Å"principle† for Western tradition, unwarrantedly restrict li to a notion of human consciousness and tend to introduce distinction such as animate and inanimate, agency and act, intelligible and sensible. Li is much different from being some independent and immutable originative principle that disciplines a recalcitrant world. It is the fabric of order immanent in the dynamic process of experience. That is why â€Å"psychology† is translated in to Chinese as â€Å"the li of the heart-and-mind,† but then â€Å"physics† is â€Å"the study of the li of things and events. † What separates li rather clearly from Western common understanding of â€Å"principle† is that li is both a unity and a multiplicity. Li is the coherence of any â€Å"member of a set, all members of a set, or the set as a whole. † Both the uniqueness of each particular and the continuities that obtain among them are reflected by this description. Li then is the defining character or ethos of a given community, or any other such composition. Ames also claims another point at which li departs from â€Å"principle. † In Western tradition, the discovery of originative and determinative principle gives us a schema for classifying things and subsuming one thing under another. That is why people seek â€Å"principle† in Western tradition. However, the investigation of li, by contrast, is to seek out patterns that relate things, and to discover resonances between things that make correlations and categorization possible. B. Hans-Gorg Moeller In Daodejing, the meaning of â€Å"the root† is described by using metaphor. From the view of the Daoist, our world is a â€Å"self-generating† process. In Daoism there is no initial beginning for â€Å"logical† order. In Daoism, order is immanent in and inseparable from a spontaneously changing world, and then â€Å"the world creates itself. † In this point of view, the role of â€Å"the root† is very important. â€Å"The root† is an origin of phenomenon, and many things are derived from â€Å"the root. † Unlike many Western philosophical perspectives, this â€Å"root† has a somewhat unique, interesting, and different meaning in it. The Western philosophy’s principle or arche is the first cause of the event. And nothing would exist if there were not any of the Western philosophy’s principle or arche. However, the concept of â€Å"the root† is different of that. From the Daoist perspective, â€Å"the root† is a part of the plant. â€Å"The root† does not exist before the plant although plant cannot exist if there is no â€Å"the root. † That is, â€Å"the root† itself is not a creator of the plant. It is the origin of the growth of the plant. â€Å"The root† is buried in the soil or ground, so it is invisible. However, â€Å"the root† greatly influences its visible part. This illustrates Daoist’s â€Å"autopoiesis,† self-generating concept well, which differs a lot from the Western philosophical concept â€Å"arche,† which is stated or recognized as â€Å"the God. † ?. Comparative Epistemology A. Hellenistic-Prescriptive theoretical knowledge In Western tradition, most of philosophers think there is one principle or one God and things happen from it. And the mind is separable part from the body. One of the examples is Plato. Plato’s dualism is that there are the realm of form and the imperial world. The body belongs to the imperial world and the world is constantly changing. And what we sense by the body is limited, and the Empirical world is not real. The true world is the realm of the form, and the mind belongs to the world. Plato argues that the â€Å"knowledge† continuously exists and must be justified conviction. However, the Empirical world that we belong to is contentiously changing, and there is no unchanging thing in the world. That is why there is no thing from which we can get â€Å"knowledge† in the Empirical world, so we cannot get â€Å"knowledge† by our own senses. The unchanging things exist in the realm of the form, and we cannot reach the world by using our senses. So we need to use our mind to get â€Å"knowledge†. Not all of Western philosophers claim like that, but most of philosophers claim that the truth does not exist in the world where we live today. This concept greatly influences Christianity or other religions that have the one God. In Christianity, there is one God named â€Å"Jesus Christ†, and he is the reason why things happen or why we live. People pray to seek â€Å"knowledge† that exists in the world where we are not living. That is, we cannot get the â€Å"knowledge† about it in the world where we are living, and we need to get it from the other world to know the essence of the things. B. Chinese philosophy-Prescriptive practical On the other hand, there is no the one God in Chinese philosophy. In China, the war occurred constantly, and Chinese dynasty changed over time, so people did not come to rely on one thing. This influenced the Chinese philosopher. Instead of one god or one principle, Chinese philosophers think that the world creates itself and that the world is constituted by the combination of determinacy and indeterminacy, and spontaneous, dynamic changing is the universal principle of the world. In Western tradition, the philosophers try to attribute many phenomenons to the one reason. However, Chinese philosophers think that each thing is â€Å"self-so† creativity, self-generating, and spontaneous. For Chinese philosophy, the Nature is very important, and in Daoism it is important not to try to force thing. That is why there is the concepts in Daoism; wu wei(without intentional action), wu si(without deliberate thought), wu si(without selfish interesting), wu ji(without self-awareness), wu zhi(without knowledge), wu xin(without heart-and-mind). Daoists claim that when you are thinking something, the world is also changing at the same time, so you are missing something. That is why it is important for Daoism to stop thinking by your head, get out of the world of your head, look around the world, and take action. The most important thing for Daoism is that we ought to take action as a part of the world. ?. Conclusion There have been so many philosophers through the history, and each of philosophy has been developed around the world. And how people think about the world is different, depending on the philosophy. Of many philosophies, the significant different philosophies are the Western and Chinese philosophy. In the Western philosophy, the philosophers try to attribute everything to the one principle or the one God. On the other hand, there is no principle, and the philosophers have recognized the world as self-generating process, and the world is the source of itself without no exact start and end point. This thought influences religion and how people think about the world. Around the world, many wars related to religion occur today. The difference between the religions is just what ancient people developed, so it is important to try to understand the difference in today’s world. Reference. Pecorino, Philip, Ph. D. â€Å"Chapter 6 : The Mind-Body Problem Section 3: DUALISM. † Introduction To Philosophy an Online Textbook. Queensborough Community College, CUNY, n. d. Web. 4 Dec 2013. . Deutsch, Eliot. Introduction to World Philosophies. 1st ed. 509. New Jersey: A Pearson Education Company, 1997. Ex-255-256. Print. Deutsch, Eliot. Introduction to World Philosophies. 1st ed. 509. New Jersey: A Pearson Education Company, 1997. Ex-469. Print. Cohen, Marc. â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave. † Philosophy 320 History of Ancient Philosophy. University of Washington, 07 11 2013. Web. 4 Dec 2013. .

Business and IT

Information Technology (IT) is vogue today. It is penetrating in the lives of every generation. Everyone is using it for various purposes but the younger generation uses it the most. Thus generation has the glimpse of IT in all the work indulging daily life as well as the professional sector (Hamel & Prahalad, 2013). Earlier IT was not in much trend and thus, people used o do the work differently. Today, the way younger generations work is different from that of the older one. The differences between their ways of working are- Earlier, people used to do all the works manually, but now no one is done so. People do not prefer pen and paper work anymore. Everyone looks for digitalized things. Earlier there were mangers for every field but today the managers are replaced by systems (Crain, 2015). puters do all the work that people used to do. Use of technology increases the transparency between firm and the customers and also in every level of employees. Also, it saves great amount of money and thus enabling the firm to utilize the money in other sectors. The older generation might not know the proper use of technology and thus gap may arise between the generations giving rise to many other issues. The environment of the firm may get spoilt because of this. Thus, use of IT must be done in an organization with proper assistance and surveillance keeping the older generations in mind. Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (2013). peting for the Future. Harvard Business Press. Crain, W. (2015).  Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press.

Astronomy fifth assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Astronomy fifth assignment - Essay Example This view is quite controversial and is known as "Snowball Earth." Summarize what this theory is and what is some of the evidence for and against this hypothesis. Snowball Earth describes hypothesis that many years the Earth was wholly or entirely covered with ice that stretched from the poles to tropics. The freezing happened in the pre-cambrian, over 60 years ago. It is thought that there occurred more of global glaciations. They differed in time and stretch but when a full on snow events, life could be attached on ice free refuges or at places where sunlight managed penetration through the ice allowing photosynthesis. The opponents of the theory contest the effect of the evidence for the glaciation, the geophysical feasibility of the ice and the difficulty in escaping the frozen condition. 5. Do some research on the warming in the arctic and the thawing of Arctic permafrost which releases Methane as part of the thawing process. Discuss whether or not you think we are now heading towards a climate

Wind Energy in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wind Energy in India - Essay Example One reason that has seen this form of natural energy dwindle is its nonrenewable nature. In this regard, humankind cannot renew natural gases and reuse them once they consume these resources. In addition, humankind has overexploited natural gases for economic gains in order to develop important sectors of the economy. These two factors have contributed to the depletion and the diminishing nature of this natural form of energy. Consequently, these depleting resources have necessitated humankind’s search of other sources of energy that were long-term and renewable. One such source of energy is the energy tapped from the wind and the sun, also known as wind energy and solar energy respectively. In line with this, nations have realized that these two forms of energy are renewable, and their use enhances a safe environment. All nations, despite their economic empowerment, have realized the importance role of wind and solar energy in meeting their energy demands. India is one of the nations of the world that has identified the important role of wind in producing energy. As a result, the country has made substantial investments in order to ensure that it tapped energy from wind to enhance its chances of meeting its national energy needs. Hence, this expose elucidates on the aspects that have enabled the use of wind energy in India. In addition, the expose will investigate any existing benefits and detrimental effects resulting from the use of wind energy in India. Finally, it is important to investigate the potential use of wind energy in India and its effects on energy or pollution situation over the world due to the ability of other sources of energy to cause pollution and affect the energy reserves due to their continued use. India is one of the countries that have the highest population. In addition, the economy of the country has been growing at an astronomical rate. In effect, demand for energy to sustain this growth is high with the country looking for o ther sources of energy rather than relying on the conventional sources of energy (Invest India). In addition, the country realized the importance of ensuring energy security, reducing the intensity of the density of carbon resulting from the use of nonrenewable energy, and reducing the adverse effects of natural gases use in the environment. To achieve the objectives, India realized that nonrenewable source of energy, with wind energy being the principal source, was a crucial way of achieving energy security, reducing the levels of carbon resulting from the use of nonrenewable energy, and improving a clean environment from the use of wind energy, which is a clean form of energy (Sargsyan et al.). In a 2001 census by India’s Ministry of Power, only 496,365 villages out of 593,732 were supplied with electricity power, which put the per capita consumption of energy in the country at 639 kWh making it one of the lowest in the world (Sargasyan et al. 2). In effect, a big proportio n of the country’s population cannot access the national power grid. One of the reasons leading to the failure to access the national power grid regards to the cost of power with most forms of natural energy being naturally expensive. Sargasyan et al. also noted that the country’s reliance on conventional forms of energy contributed to power shortages since these conventional sources were unreliable (2). Hence, the opportunity costs arising from diversifying to other sources of energy was high, which necessitated the need to identify other sources of

Compare the stories in The Thirteen Problems with any of Agatha Essay

Compare the stories in The Thirteen Problems with any of Agatha Christie's later Miss Marple stories (or novels) from the 1950s - Essay Example Her books have been so popular that only the Bible can beat that record. She was one of the shining stars of the few writers who did justice to detectives and introduced to the world a whole new perception and book reading. Over the years of her writing career, she grew as a writer. Her genre and characters dint change, but their procedures and other details certainly did. Agatha Christie managed to keep her books alive with time easily coping up with the changes in people’s thoughts and expectations. Her two books â€Å"The thirteen Problems† and â€Å"A Caribbean Mystery† are miles and years apart, but they both were distinct and popular in their own way. What made them so different, and yet so same? (Agatha Christie Biography). The detective stories by Agatha Christie have some unique elements. First, classical detective stories do not usually assume the possibility of occasional mistakes or the force of circumstances which can occasionally change the situatio n. Agatha Christie depicts real people who may easily make mistake or be influenced by something. However, she provides her detectives with such unique traits and ability to use so flexible logic that they are able to reveal even casual mistakes and circumstances, which prevent the police from revealing the truth. The next feature is the lack of description of bloody scenes of murder, Christie was against cruel scenes. The third important peculiarity is social atmosphere, which is similar for all the stories by Agatha Christie. First she introduces all the heroes to the reader and the murder happens afterwards (Judgement Book Reviews). The focal point of this paper will be Agatha’s stories that involved Miss Marple. She is one of the most important parts of Agatha’s novels. What made Miss Marple so popular? And how did the people come around to liking a woman in a role which was already defined by a man through Sherlock Holmes? Miss Marple was a usual old lady and for readers her appealing quality was how normal she actually was. Just because she solved mysteries and crimes did not make her a super hero. The fact that like every other old lady she was interested in the typical hobbies of knitting and gossiping made her believable and true. Agatha Christie managed to bring rationality into the character by making her old, had Miss Marple been young, she wouldn’t have had the experience to understand human nature as well as she did in order to solve mysteries. Miss Marple’s nature of gardening and living in the village made the readers realize with ease that this woman was just like everybody else. This made her quite easy to be accepted and loved by people. (Marple's Profile) â€Å"The Thirteen Problems† was a short story collection by Agatha Christie that revolved around Miss Marple’s detective abilities. It is about six friends who sit together and form a club where they share stories, more like they talk about myster ious deaths of people and try to conclude as to who might have done it. In this little game of theirs, Miss Marple outshines every one and this becomes the beginning of the character of Miss Marple as a rather eligible detective. The book basically revolves around thirteen different cases, hence the title of the book. Miss Marple’s introduction to the world and Agatha’s readers was through this very book. She got introduced as a woman, who was unwillingly invited to the Tuesday night club with her nephew’

Point by Point comparison of Eva and Elizabeth Essay

Point by Point comparison of Eva and Elizabeth - Essay Example All these similarities and differences will be discussed in more details. Eva is a thirteen year old (13 years) European girl who has a polish origin. She is currently residing in the United States of America but as an immigrant because she was not born in the United States of America. Elizabeth on the other hand is younger than Eva by three years (she therefore is 10 years old) and was born in the United States of America which automatically makes her a US citizen. Even though she was born in the United States of America, she is an Asian. Unlike Eva who is proud of her Polish heritage and values it and its family from that country, Elizabeth hates and even rejects her Asian background. This hatred is even transferred to school where she has to attend a Chinese school which she totally hates and confesses to being happy when she does not have to go to school. She does not want any form of association with China and considers herself as all American. This is in contrast to Eva whose pride for her background makes her appreciative of her heritage and cultur e. Both Eva and Elizabeth are first born children in their families and have other siblings behind them. The siblings in both Eva’s and Elizabeth’s life are stubborn and give their parents especially their mothers a very hard time. It is as a result of this, the fact that they are the eldest and probably the fact that they are foreigners that makes both of the girls so protective over their mothers. They are educated and love their families and thus help them communicate with the world outside. Cultural identity is the personality or characteristics that an individual has about a particular culture which is similar with others of the same culture but contrasts with that of other individuals from a different culture. In this case, Eva who is from a Polish culture has a different culture from Elizabeth who has a Chinese background culture and hence different cultural identity. The two girls under

Discussion topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Discussion topic - Assignment Example In this chapter, I have realized a number of things. First, I have realized that it is possible for a country to emerge from various challenges and focus on development. In this case, Cuba did not lag on its challenges, but used the challenges to achieving sustainability that is evident today and envied by various countries around the world. Moreover, it is clear that a government can be able to support its people, even when resources are few through proper management. Cuba has been able to use few resources to educate its citizens, provide adequate health, as well as provide other necessary requirements. In addition, it is not always good for the country to rely on foreign help in case of various challenges. Sometimes the country can find a solution to the problems locally. For example, in Cuba, the SPTP initiative has helped the country to overcome numerous domestic challenges. The country now produces and consumes resources in a sustainable manner. This should be used as a model by other countries especially the developing

How can social media be used as a powerfful marketing tool in a small Research Paper

How can social media be used as a powerfful marketing tool in a small business (Using case study) - Research Paper Example rough interview with the owner of the business as well as looking into the financial figures derived from their sales and comparing them from the time she used traditional word-of-mouth marketing to the time she already used Facebook as a marketing medium. The findings prove that since posting pictures of her children’s clothes in her Facebook page and setting up one for TCC, the business’ sales has grown by 150% in just nine months. The profit increase is evidence that Facebook is an effective marketing medium for a small business. The internet has evolved to be a powerful tool that can be used for a variety of purposes. Being known as the information highway without leaving one’s home, it provides users with a vast range of sources of information that allow them to find answers to any question in one click. Even businesses have boomed with the utilization of online advertisements. Currently, social media has likewise hopped on the marketing bandwagon, offering their sites as platforms for selling products and services in a myriad of ways. Research Objective: This paper will show how small businesses can maximize social media to make their business grow. It will focus on a small dress shop in London started by a young woman who worked from home and decided to sell the dresses she made for children online using her Facebook account. The shop’s name is Twinklestars1. Marketing goods and services online has been ongoing for many years now. Berthon et al. (1996) explain that potential customers begin with their search for a preferred product when they surf the internet. Businesses which have established their website presence are more likely to attract customers as long as they keep their sites dynamic, with their advertising designs and texts consistently updated so they sustain the interest of their customers (Durkin & Lawlor, 2001). Apart from the use of computers, mobile devices have stepped up to include features that access the internet, widening

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Gender |Not good enough (women) |Too controlling (Men) |Lazy workers (Women) | |Age |Lacks concentration and focus |Lacks professionalism (younger) |Want more money for less work just| | |(younger) | |because of their age. (older) | |Race | Criminals |Lacks education |Doesn’t work hard but gets more | | | | |money. | Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? There are a few positive aspects of stereotypes. Positive ones are not the ones that come to our head first. Positive aspects of stereotypes include thoughts of a boss when interviewing a potential candidate for a position. For example, an article by Shelly Barclay on life123. com gives ways that positive aspects are used even though we don’t quite see when we use them. She stated that â€Å"Asians are good at math† In my high school days I learned that this was true. I had Asian friends that would help me with my math all the time. This can definitely benefit an Asian for a great job opportunity. (Barclay, 2013) What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? The negative aspects of stereotypes could affect you because you could be wrong in certain situations. Majority of the time we are. One stereotype for African Americans is that they are all trouble and the black men are mostly criminals. This isn’t true, but it is a popular stereotype for African Americans. We as humans tend to let the words that have been â€Å"put into our heads† slowly become facts. Negative stereotypes can cause you to miss out on making a good friend or even a good business decision. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. According to the online dictionary, (thefreedictionary.com) prejudice means an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. An example of the famous quote â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover. † Being prejudice is having a negative attitude towards an entire group of people according to the text in chapter 2 of the EBook. (Company, 2000) Stereotyping is basically just your personal opinion on someone or something based off just want you believe. This can be towards race, gender, age, ethnicity, and religion. For example, people say â€Å"blondes are stupid† this isn’t true. It’s just another way of people separating types of women. Another example for stereotypes is when people say â€Å"Americans are friendly† this is a nice stereotype, and then again it’s not a true for all. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The similarities between stereotyping and prejudice is that they are both personal opinions of what you may think of someone by race, religion, age, gender, ethnicity, and even a disability. They are not known facts or proven statements. They are both things that you do or say to judge a person or put them into â€Å"groups† in your mind. Being prejudice is just a lot worse than developing a stereotype towards people. What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? I’m not sure if much can be done at all, but just starting to talk differently and keeping personal opinions to ourselves. We need to start by teaching our children the positive ways of life and not to judge people. We should tell teach them to love everyone and pray for our future. Basically, just become a positive example for the younger generation so that they will pick up what’s positive and let go of the entire negative ways slowly, but surely.

Curvature of the Universe: Analysis

Curvature of the Universe: Analysis Introduction 1.1 Reviewing of General Relativity 1.1.1 Metric Tensor The equation which describes the relationship between two given points is called metric and is given by Where interval of space-time between two neighboring points, connects these two points and are the components of contra variant vector. Through the function, any displacement between two points is dependent on the position of them in coordinate system. The displacement between two points in rectangular coordinates system is independent of their components due to homogeneity, so metric is given by Where are the space-time coordinates, is speed of light and is metric for this case and is given by Through the coordinates transformation from rectangular coordinates,, to curved coordinates system the components ofin a curved coordinates system can be found . For constructing rectangular coordinates system in a curved coordinates if space-time is locally flat then it is possible to that locally. From rectangular coordinates system defined locally in a point of a curved space-time to a curved coordinates system can be written as So in this way we can find local values of metric tensor Three important properties of metric tensor are: is symmetric so we have metric tensors are used to lowering or raising indices 1.1.2 Riemann Tensor, Ricci Tensor, Ricci Scalar The tool which plays an important role in identifying the geometric properties of spacetime is Riemann (Curvature) tensor. In terms of Christoffel symbols it is defined as: Where .If the Riemann Tensor vanishes everywhere then the spacetime is considered to be flat. In term of spacetime metric Riemann Tensor can also be written as: thus useful symmetries of the Riemann Tenser are: so due to above symmetries, the Riemann tensor in four dimensional spacetime has only 20 independent components. Now simply contracting the Riemann Tensor over two of the indices we get Ricci Tensor as: above equation is symmetric so it has at most 10 independent components. Now contracting over remaining two indices we get scalar known as Ricci Scalar. Another important symmetry of Riemann Tensor is Bianchi identities This after contracting leads to 1.1.3 Einstein Equation The Einstein equation is the equation of motion for the metric in general theory of relativity is given by: Where is stress energy momentum tensor and is Newton’s constant of Gravitation. Thus the left hand side of this equation measures the curvature of spacetime while the right hand side measures the energy and momentum contained in it.Taking trace of both sides of above equation we obtain using this equation in eq. ( ), we get In vacuum so for this case Einstein equation is We define the Einstein tensor by Taking divergence of above eq. we get 1.1.4 Conservation Equations for Energy momentum Tensor In general relativity two types of momentum-energy tensor,are commonly used: dust and perfect fluid. 1.4.1 Dust: It is simplest possible energy-momentum tensor and is given by The 4-velocity vector for commoving observer is given by, so energy momentum tensor is given by It is an approximation,of the universe at later times when radiation is negligible 1.4.2 Perfect fluid: If there is no heat conduction and viscosity then such type of fluid is perfect fluid and parameterized by its mass density and pressure and is given by It is an approximation of the universe at earlier times when radiation dominates so conservation equations for energy momentum tensor are given by In Minkowski metric it becomes 1.1.5 Evolution of Energy-Momentum Tensor with Time We can use eq. () to determine how components pf energy-momentum tensor evolved with time. The mixed energy-momentum tensor is given by: and its conservation is given by Consider component: Now all non-diagonal terms of vanish because of isotropy so in the first term and in the second term so For a flat, homogeneous and isotropic spacetime which is expanding in its spatial coordinate’s by a scale factor, the metric tensor is obtained from Minkowski metric is given by: The Christoffel symbol by definition Because Because the only non-zero is so from eq. () conservation law in expanding universe becomes after solving above equations we get above equation is used to find out for both matter and radiation scale with expansion. In case of dust approximation we have so So energy-density of matter scale varies as .Now the total amount of matter is conserved but volume of the universe goes as so In case of radiation so from eq.() we obtain Which implies that, science energy density is directly proportional to the energy per particle and inversely proportional to the volume, that is, because so the energy per particle decreases as the universe expands. 1.2 Cosmology In physical cosmology, the cosmological rule is a suspicion, or living up to expectations theory, about the expansive scale structure of the universe. Throughout the time of Copernicus, much data were not accessible for the universe with the exception of Earth, few stars and planets so he expected that the universe might be same from all different planets likewise as it looked from the Earth. It suggests isotropy of the universe at all focuses. Once more, a space which is isotropic at all focuses, is likewise homogeneous. Copernicus rule and this result about homogeneity makes the Cosmological rule (CP) which states that, at a one-time, universe is homogeneous and isotropic. General covariance ensures validity of Cosmological Principle at other times also. 1.2.1 Cosmological metric: Think about a 3D circle inserted in a 4d hyperspace: where is the radius of the 3D sphere. The distance between two points in 4D space is given by solving we get now becomes In spherical coordinates Finally we obtain We could also have a saddle with or a flat space. In literature shorthanded notation is adapted: To isolate time-dependent term, make the following situation: Then where If we introduce conformal time (arc parameter measure of time) as then we can express the 4D line element in term of FRW metric: 1.2.2 Friedmann Equation: We can now figure out Einstein field mathematical statement for perfect fluid. All the calculations are carried out in comoving frame where and energy-momentum tensor is given by Raising the index of the Einstein tensor equation we get After contracting over indices and we get so Einstein’s Equation can be written as It is easily found for perfect fluid finally we obtain the components of Ricci tenser The components are and components are To get a closed system of equations, we need a relationship of equation states which relates and so solving At this point when we joined together with equation 62 comparisons in the connection of energy-momentum tensor and the equation of states, we get a closed frame work of Friedmann equations: 1.2.3 Solutions of Friedmann Equations: We are going to comprehend Friedmann equation for the matter dominated and radiation dominated universe and get the manifestation of scale factor. From the definition of Hubble’s law Matter Dominated Universe: : It is showed by dust approximation As both and, for flat universe (), ( an) for . When combined with equation, this yields critical density Currently it value is (we used).The quantity provide relationship between the density of the universe and the critical density so it is given by Now the second Friedmann equation for matter dominated Universe becomes so lastly Radiation-dominated Universe: It is showed by perfect fluid approximation with The second Friedmann Equation becomes Flat Universe Matter Dominated Universe (dust approximation) The first Friedmann equation becomes At the Big bang Using convention and universe flat condition we finally get Now we can calculate the age of universe, which corresponds to the Hubble rate and scale factor to be: Taking and we get Years Radiation-dominated: The First Friedmann equation becomes At the big bang and .Also we have Closed Universe Matter-dominated The first Equation becomes In term of conformal time we can rewrite the above integral as After substituting and using equation Then but we have so we get . Now but we have at sets. So we have now the dependence of scale factor in term of the time parameterized by the conformal time as Radiation-dominated Universe: The first Friedmann equation becomes In term of conformal time we can re write the integral as but we have conditions at sets so we get and the requirement at sets , finally we have Open Universe Matter-dominated (dust approximation): The first Friedmann equation In term of conformal time we can rewrite the integral as Take

Sustainable Development Essay -- Sociology Conservation Agriculture Es

Sustainable Development The term sustainable development was introduced in the 1987 report "Our Common Future". The World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Different communities are organizing themselves to promote this ideology. They are combating the pressure of corporations’ economic practices, which damage the environment and living conditions. Corporations are taking over community farms. This is degrading the land due to the harsh agricultural processes used for mass production. The use of chemicals, found in pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides causes strain on the land. The meat industry is one of those corporations responsible for soil erosion and land destruction. McDonalds and Burger King use lethal poisons to destroy vast areas of Central American rainforest, to create grazing pastures for cattle, to be sent back to the states as burgers and pet food, and to provide fast food packaging materials. It takes 800 square miles of forest just to keep them supplied with paper for one year. In an interview in the meat production plant in Costa Rica, it was found that Montecillos Cooperative produces 20 to 24 tons of meat for hamburgers per month to export to fast-food restaurants in United States. ( S.D. "Sergio Quintana: Meat plant manager") Among other environmental and social problems is land use management. In Mozambique, for a family to own a small piece of land is a great privilege. Over 80 percent of Mozambique’s 17 million people are peasants whose survival depends on the food they grow. In the 1990’s a peace treaty was sign... ...tional ways to work with the land and to re-establish our lost connection with nature as in the Andean region example. These changes and visions for a sustainable future are happening in every part of the world. The goal of sustainable development is to create a sense of responsibility towards other humans and nature and to promote the awareness that we only have a limited amount of resources, which need to be properly distributed. The most important aspect of sustainability is taking action in reflecting these ideas. Bibliography Conca Ken, Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Green Planet Blues, Westview Press 1998. Sustainable Development "Les Cheneaux Economic Forum" Witness Statement "Sergio Quintana: Meat Plant Manager" OXFAM America "U.S. and African Farmers Creating Co-Opportunities" OXFAM America "The Founding of Chuyma Aru: Reviving Andean Culture"

How Political Ideologies Shape Our Nation Essay -- Jack Sheldon, How a

Jack Sheldon’s, â€Å"How a Bill Becomes a Law† is lacking in several different ways. Not that the jingle doesn’t give you some sort of semblance of how a law is made. It just doesn’t give a detail account of the entire procedure. Very little is mentioned of how a bill is introduced to the House or the Senate. Legislation is handed to the clerk of the House or placed in the hopper. In the Senate, members must gain recognition of the presiding officer to announce the introduction of a bill during the morning hour. If any Senator objects, the introduction of the bill is delayed until the next day. When the song mentions how the bill is in committee, it doesn’t go into detail. The bill is referred to the appropriate committee by the Speaker of the House or the presiding officer in the Senate. Most often, the actual referral decision is made by the House or Senate parliamentarian. Bills may be referred to more than one committees and it may be split so that parts are sent to different committees. Each committee has steps to follow before releasing the bill. Failure to act on a bill is equivalent to killing it. Bills in the House can only be released from committee without a proper committee vote by a discharge petition signed by a majority of the House membership. None of this is in the rhyme. From committee, the bill is put on a calendar, where floor action will be made, debating is done. This is briefly stated in the tune. It doesn’t give the rules of debate. Then the bill is voted on. If passed, it is then sent to another chamber unless that chamber already has a similar measure under consideration. If either chamber does not pass the bill then it dies. If the House and Senate pass different bills they are sent to Conference Comm... ...think the same. They tend to reject other political ideologies. Conservatives don't see anarchism, for instance, as different; they see it as wrong. In conclusion, Political Ideology is dynamic and political culture is static. Political ideologies and political cultures are related in certain aspects. Political cultures are the basic rights people try and protect, whereas political ideologies are just more in depth and specific. These are very important aspects of a nation. The examples listed of each are pertinent with the subject at hand. They are basic, yet ideal in explaining political ideologies and cultures. Liberalism and Conservatism play a role in how our nation and government develop. With a majority of liberals in the government, our nation may make many changes, but with a majority of conservatives in the government, our nation may remain very static.

The Democratic Value of Whitmans Leaves of Grass Essay -- Whitman Lea

Early reviews of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass evince an incipient awareness of the unifying and acutely democratic aspects of the poetry. An article in the November 13th, 1856, issue of the New York Daily Times describes the modest, self-published book of twelve seemingly formless poems: "As we read it again and again, and we will confess that we have returned to it often, a singular order seems to arise out of its chaotic verses" (2). The Daily Times's identification of "order" out of "chaos" in Leaves of Grass parallels America's theoretical declaration of e pluribus unum, one out of many—a uniquely democratic objective. Also manifesting the early perception of the democratic poetic in Leaves of Grass, yet focusing more on Whitman and his content, an 1856 edition of the North American Review asserts, "Walter Whitman, an American,—one of the roughs,—no sentimentalist,—no stander above men and women, or apart from them,—no more modest than immodes t,—has tried to write down here, in a sort of prose poetry, a good deal of what he has seen, felt, and guessed at in a pilgrimage of some thirty-five years" (275). Here, Whitman is seen as the archetypal American, practicing the democratic ideal of human equality. The reviewers' awareness of order out of chaos and of the ideological American attitude of equality is a written history of the problems of nineteenth-century, post-Jacksonian America, for the presence of their observations, which celebrate Whitman's democratic vision, can only suggest the absence of that vision in American politics and culture. Indeed, the language of mid-nineteenth-century reviews of Leaves of Grass reflects nostalgia for the community focus of early Jeffersonian America, a focus that was fading in a cul... ...ca's Lyric-Epic of Self and Democracy. New York: Twayne, 1992. - - - . Walt Whitman. Boston: Twayne, 1990. Remini, Robert V. The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1988. Southard, Sherry. "Whitman and Language: Great Beginnings for Great American Poetry." Mount Olive Review 4 (Spring 1990): 45-54. Warren, James Perrin. Walt Whitman's Language Experiment. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1990. Whitman, Walt. "After the Sea-Ship." Bradley and Blodgett 263. - - - . "As I Ebb'd with the Ocean of Life." Bradley and Blodgett 253-256. - - - . "On the Beach at Night Alone." Bradley and Blodgett 260-261. - - - . "Song for All Seas, All Ships." Bradley and Blodgett 261-262. - - - . "Preface 1855—Leaves of Grass, First Edition." Bradley and Blodgett 711-731.

How Does Owen Use Nature To Convey His Feelings About War? Essay

Wilfred Owen uses nature to convey his feelings in his poems, using many different techniques. In both the poems that I am examining, Exposure, and Spring Offensive, he’s uses nature to show pain and suffering. For example, in exposure, he uses brambles to convey pain; â€Å"Watching, we hear the mad gusts tugging on the wire, Like twitching agonies of men among its brambles.† This quote gives the soldiers the painful reminder that men have been killed easily by the barbed wire, and natures way of portraying barbed wire, is through brambles. The brambles symbolise pain, because brambles are obviously painful. This gives the reader a knowledge of what the soldiers are thinking of. Also this shows that by getting caught in the wire, that they are being held back from fighting, and this gives the soldiers a feeling that they have lost the war. Another thing that nature portrays is love and protection. Not all nature was used to portray pain. In Spring offensive, he uses several terms to portray love and protection; â€Å"And though the summer oozed into their veins Like an injected drug for their bodies’ pains,† This quote shows that that nature can be used to benefit the soldiers, by giving them strength to go on and fight. Nature can also benefit the soldiers, by giving them camouflage, and to protect them from harm, so that the German soldiers cannot see them. Another method that Owen uses to portray his feelings using nature, is the weather, in which he shows mood and feelings, cold weather representing hurt and pain. He uses cold weather a lot in Exposure; â€Å"We only know war lasts, rain soaks, and clouds sag.† This quote shows that the soldiers are waiting for attack and that there waiting will be long, but their fighting will be longer. They are saying that this is inevitable, like rain does soak, and clouds do sag. â€Å"Tonight, this frost will fasten on this mud and us, †¦and their eyes are ice, But nothing happens.† This quote proves that war is long and frustrating. This is saying that they have waited so long that the frost from the cold had killed them, not the war. This is a strong symbol, that nature is stronger and more powerful than war. I think this is one of the main reasons that Owen uses nature to portray his feelings, because it often has a stronger impact on the readers. â€Å"Till like a cold gust thrills the world At which each body and its soul begird And tighten them for battle. No alarms.† This quote has a tense feel about it because the cold wind represents harsh reality that they have to face, which is not what they have been told it was. This would make them uncomfortable, tense and nervous. I think that he uses this to deter men from going to war, because he was anti-war, and the men were being told thaat it was a walk in the park, all a big game. Owen wanted to tell the men about what war was really like. Aswell as cold weather, warm weather is used a lot in spring offensive, to show peace, strength and protection; â€Å"The sun, like a friend whom their love is done. Oh larger shone that smile against the sun. Mightier than his whose bounty these have spurned.† This quote shows that the soldiers get strength from the sun. As the sun comes up, they can feel the warmth, and see the light, which tells them that they are still alive. It gives them hope, because it its a conformation of there existence. Also is says that the sun is mightier than god, refered to as â€Å"his†. I think that this means that they would rather feel the suns warmth then die for their country. I think that the main reason that Owen uses nature to portray his feelings because it is an easy way of expressing deep emotions and feelings about a thing you feel strongly against a subject, eg: war. Owen’s expressions are strong, in the sense that they get his point across, and they are emotionally thought provoking, in the sense where they make you think about what is must feel like to serve, sometimes, against your will in something as horrific as a world war. I think that using nature to portray feelings and emotions, thoughts and views in poems is a very effective way.

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley is a tale that seems to expound on many of the ideas set forth in John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The thematic elements concur in their references to the unknown and to the unwanted and melancholic results of knowledge that lies beyond a certain threshold of life. Both works take on a very tenebrous tone and even hint at a certain inevitability in the coming of doom and the destruction of beauty. They might even be considered works that celebrate the sadder circumstances in life—which is in direct contrast to the unbridled optimism of many Romantic poets of the era. The monster created by Victor Frankenstein, as well as Frankenstein himself, enter the dreamlike and unknown territory of Lethe warned against by Keats, and in return find out first hand the inner workings of life’s melancholy.The very first line of Keats’ poem warns against entrance into the unknown, as therein lies even more evidence of the grief that life can hold. He writes, â€Å"No, no, go not to Lethe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1). Lethe refers to a river found in the Greek mythologies that flowed through the underworld of Hades. This river is one that causes forgetfulness and in that way casts a shroud over reality that is similar to the misty and dreamlike sense created in the novel Frankenstein. Shelley does this using several devices, such as through the setting she creates. The story begins while the first narrator and Dr. Frankenstein sail together on a vessel in the dark and expansive waters of the Arctic. The atmosphere speaks volumes of the lack of clarity that is shown to exist on the earth. It also prefigures the idea of Dr. Frankenstein’s forgetting (as on Lethe’s waters) lessons learned from Faust about seeking too much that which lies beyond death.It can also be seen from the very first letter written by Walton that life is itself shown to be unclear and unstable in its abilit y to mete out despair and melancholy no matter which actions are performed by the persons involved. Walton writes to Margaret: â€Å"And when shall I return? Ah, dear sister, how can I answer this question? If I succeed, many, many months, perhaps years, will pass before you and I may meet. If I fail, you will see me again soon, or never† (Shelley, 4). It is clear that life is like a voyage into the Arctic or on the river Lethe. What lies ahead is unknown and what happiness has past may easily be forgotten, as quickly as sadness may come.Yet Keats’ message is much more specific than the mere pointing out of the dreamlike nature of life. It goes further to deter men from seeking out the underside of life. He specifically warns against the deliberate seeking of things that are associated with death and the underworld. He speaks of the foolhardiness of twisting Wolfs-bane or allowing Proserpine (the goddess of the underworld) to kiss one’s forehead (lines 1-4). Thi s is significant in the novel Frankenstein as the actions performed by that doctor may be compared directly to what Keats warns against.The doctor himself admits: â€Å"The moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hidingplaces† (Shelley, 45). Frankenstein reveals that he deliberately seeks out the halls of death in his quest to give life to a cadaverous body. He goes beyond the call of the living man and ventures uninvited into the underworld to have his brow kissed by Proserpine. The warning Keats gives seems to be merited as the consequences of his actions serve only to illuminate the more melancholy aspects of life.A portentous smudge on Dr. Frankenstein’s eagerness to infuse the dead body with his new concoction of life symbolizes the doom that is foretold by Keats for those who meddle with the things of death. Frankenstein describes his state during the times leading up to the creation of his monste r, and he reveals, â€Å"I pursued my undertaking with unremitting ardour.My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement† (Shelley, 44). This demonstrates the toll that his illicit actions were taking on his body. It is as though Proserpine’s kiss of death were spreading through his body while he attempted to give life to the dead one lying on his table. The unfavorable circumstances that are yet to come are prefigured in this episode where Frankenstein seems to be transferring his own life to the cadaver on which he operates.Keats goes on to speak of the fall of melancholy when â€Å"fit,† and this demonstrates that sadness itself will lie in incubation during periods that seem happy. He writes, â€Å"But when melancholy fit shall fall sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 11-12). This demonstrates how in the fullness of time, melancholy itself will burst forth upon the heads of those who have per formed the actions to deserve it. This is also true of the events of the novel Frankenstein. Once the scientific endeavor has been achieved, the Monster becomes a herald of fear and doom.He also becomes the hand of premature death to several of the characters, all of whom were loved by Victor. Furthermore, Keats’ comparison of melancholy’s â€Å"fall† to the weeping of a cloud makes it known that such sadness is a part of the cycle of life—and therefore gives the impression that there is no real need to seek it out, since it comes of its own accord anyway. Death would have come to Elizabeth, William, Justine and Frankenstein’s father without the help of the monster that was created. There was no real need for the Dr. Frankenstein to create that artificial taker of life, since life itself has its own built-in machinery of death.Yet Keats’ solution to the fall of melancholy holds a cryptic message that appears difficult to interpret. It is nec essary to dig deeply into its meaning before it can be reconciled with the events portrayed in Mary Shelley’s novel. He indicates that when melancholy falls, one should â€Å"glut thy sorrow on a morning rose or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave or on the wreath of globed peonies† (lines 15-17). When one â€Å"gluts† or oversupplies something, this leads to a drop in the price of the thing.Sorrow glutted upon these things of beauty causes itself to become cheap, and therefore easily acquired. It is difficult to see how this can be a solution to sorrow at all, since it merely proliferates it. However, it does support the thesis that sorrow is easily achieved in life; and it can also be seen to fit well with the ideas of the novel Frankenstein, in which the Monster goes on a rampage and gluts sorrow upon the happiness that once existed in Victor’s world.Yet, the glut of sorrow that Keats indicates exists in life is even more visible when one considers th e condition of the Monster himself. The â€Å"life† into which he is brought is even more desolate and melancholy than that experienced by real humans. He is the only one of his kind and is marginalized by his very dissimilarity to man. His hatred and wickedness is spawned directly from this fact—which is a direct result of Frankenstein’s â€Å"[twisting] Wolfs-bane [†¦] for its poisonous wine† (Keats, lines 1-2).When the Monster speaks to Frankenstein, it is to display the condition to which he has been brought in life. He says, â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind?† (Shelley, 147) It is this immense sorrow that the Monster’s life has brought him that overflows in its surplus and gluts itself on the morning rose of everything that is good in Frankenstein’s life. It affects the promise of his friend and brothers’ lives, and causes the shedding of his wife’s bloom and beauty.The ideas concerning the melancholy of life, which are reflected in this poem and novel, demonstrate several notions that are usually considered Romantic. The idea of something’s being Romantic gives the impression that it affects more gaiety than it really does possess. This can be shown to be true of the novel Frankenstein as the contentment that the doctor proposes to receive from fulfilling his plan is in direct contrast to what actually results from his work. Yet further ideas concerning Romanticism can also be extracted from these two works.The moral and Romantic belief in the apocalyptic events (as those portrayed in the Bible) followed by an era of peace and serenity can be shown to be reflected to some extent in the texts of the Keats’ poem and Shelley’s novel. Shelley’s protagonist is hit upon by doom and destruction as a result of the actions he performed during his life. This is also demonstrated in the melancholy that â€Å"fallsâ₠¬  in Keats’ poem as a result of the actions of one who deliberately seeks out the underside of the life. Similarly, Romantic (biblical) destruction of the earth is also purported to be a direct result of the actions of mankind. However, once the destruction is complete, peace returns to the earth.This is seen to occur at the end of the novel Frankenstein when the monster destroys his maker and then wanders off to seek his own destruction. This appears to restore equilibrium to the world. Yet, this equilibrium cannot be said to be of the same optimistic quality as the â€Å"peace and tranquility† that is supposed to follow the apocalypse. In fact, this equilibrium keeps itself closer to the theme of melancholy being present naturally within life, as it is a balance between good and evil that defines this equilibrium.The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and the poem â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† by John Keats bear many similarities to each other. They contain the i dea that seeking too much the things that lie beyond life will unleash a measure of death and sorrow that is not only unnecessary, but that will disrupt the gentle equilibrium that exists on earth. Life, in equilibrium, contains both joy and sorrow—so melancholy will come in good time without being sought.The actions of Dr. Frankenstein prove Keats’ theory to be correct in that he pushes to see beyond life and finds the death and sorrow in greater abundance than that which he sought. The optimism typical of the romantics is challenged in the ideas of these writers, as even the return of life’s equilibrium means that death and sorrow will have as much freedom to harm humans as life and happiness to comfort them.Works CitedKeats, John. 1819. â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. I.   Ã‚   M. H. Abrams, et al. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.Shelley, Mary. 1831. Frankenstein. Bowser, BC: Aerie Publishing, 1988.

Pick a Quote from the Book To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

During the depression in Alabama, many people, no matter what race, were encountering hard times. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Haper Lee, Scout learns life lessons through experiences throughout her childhood. In her community and her household, Scout watches and interacts with all kinds of people. In the book, Scout learns something new about the people of Maycomb in each chapter and realizes that people are more than what they perceive to be by interacting with three main characters in the novel, Atticus, Mr. Cunningham, and Boo Radley. In the beginning of the book, Scout’s interpretation of these characters changed throughout the story. At the beginning of the book, Scout’s dad, Atticus, was not like the fun hunting loving father that the other kids had. Atticus was a fifty year old lawyer that didn’t have time or energy to even play football with Scout brother, Jem. Scout felt like she had nothing to brag or be proud of her father about that is shown in this quote, because his daily life was either in the office or into a book. â€Å"If your father was thirty you’d find life quite different† â€Å"It sure would. Atticus can’t do anything†¦. † (Lee 120) Later on in the story, Scout and Jem see a stray crazy dog. Atticus is asked to shoot it. Scout not knowing that her dad was the best shooter in Maycomb had doubts of letting her dad shoot the dog. Atticus shot the dog on the first bullet. â€Å"When we went home I told Jem we’d really have something to talk about at school on Monday. † (Lee 130) Scout’s first impression of her dad in the beginning of the story changed when she found that she could be proud of her father for being the best shooter in Maycomb. Another main character in the novel was Mr. Cunningham who was a farmer and one of Atticus clients. Atticus was also representing Tom Robinson, who was a black man being prosecuted for rape by Bob Ewell. Bob Ewell had gathered a bunch of men to go down to the jail house to kill Tom Robinson. Scout, who was hiding and watching everything from afar, could not recognize any of the men. Later on when she ran through the men to Atticus she then recognized one man, and that was Mr. Cunningham. At the beginning of the novel, Atticus told Scout that Mr. Cunningham was a good honest hard working man that did not take anything from anyone unlike Mr. Ewell. After she realized what was taking place at the jail house and what the men were there to do, she had doubts about Mr. Cunningham being the good man that her father had told her about at the beginning of the novel. Lastly, Boo Radley probably impacted Scout the most in what she learned. At the beginning of the novel, Scout, Jem, and Dill all were curious of the monster that lived at the Radley’s house. He was always kept away and never came out. All kinds of stories about Boo Radley had been told as Scout grew up, made by different people in her community. Scout was so scared of Boo that she would run past his house every time she would pass it. The town would not even eat the fruit off the trees by their house because they believed Boo had poisoned them. It was obvious that Boo Radley had a bad rep in the town. Later on in the story, Scout and Jim find out someone is leaving them things in a tree hole. They start to believe it is Boo, who was leaving it for them, but they are still not convinced that Boo is safe. Later on while Miss Maudie’s house was burning and Scout was watching it from afar, someone had put a blanket on her. They come to the conclusion it was Boo Radley and are confused why he would do so. When Boo Radley had saved them from Mr. Ewell in the last few chapters of the book, it had become clear that Boo was not bad at all but afraid of the outside world beyond his house. Scout’s original perception of Boo Radley was all wrong because of the people she interacted with day to day. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Haper Lee, Scout learns life lessons through experiences throughout her childhood. Three main characters in this book impacted her life the most. Atticus, Mr. Cunningham, and Boo Radley showed Scout to not judge a book by its cover. Not everyone is who they first perceive to be. Like Atticus said â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view — until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † (Lee 30) Atticus was right, Scout did not really know any of these people until she put herself in their place and saw who they really were.

Is It Fair to Criticise General Haig as a Donkey Who Led Lions

Is it fair to criticize General Haig as a donkey who led lions? Douglas Haig was a General during World War One. There is much controversy over General Haig’s reputation due to the high level of losses during his battles in command. Many people agree with David Lloyd George’s attitude of Haig and many other British Generals of World War One. They are said to be â€Å"donkeys†, incompetents who sent the â€Å"lions† (the soldier) into futile bloody battles. Many popular books, films and television programs also agree with David Lloyd George.The sad truth, however, was between two evenly matched opponents, that there was no other way of solving the conflict. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that that Douglas Haig was a poor General, or a donkey. The evidence is that General Haig, along with many other Generals, were used to handling small-scale forces in colonial warfare. They had a lot to learn about this type of warfare, for which they were very un prepared. Furthermore, communications were poor, and armies were too big and dispersed to be commanded by a General himself.Haig should have, however, made sure that all his soldiers knew what the plan was before they set off, and Haig should have planned how he was going to communicate with them. Moreover, if the infantry and artillery did manage to hit the enemy Haig lacked a fast moving force to use the situation effectively. Additionally, General Haig’s 1914 tactics had yet to catch up with the range and effectiveness of modern artillery and the latest machine guns. Likewise, Haig learnt the wrong lesson from previous attacks, instead of persisting with short times of extreme amounts of fire.Haig used heavier guns and longer bombardments that just churned up the ground and eliminated the element of surprise. Haig was not able to accept information passed on to him, a great example of this was when it was suggested that much of the barbed wire on the Somme was not cut, he admitted that himself, but he still continued with the attack. Another example of this was during Aube Ridge, when he also knew the wire was not cut in 1915, but he insisted the attack should continue and 1,000 men lost their lives for no gain.Not to mention, Haig’s ordering of successive attacks on the Somme during October and November 1916, with the ground reduced to a boggy area that gave way underfoot, achieved nothing but a degradation of morale and manpower. In 1917 other Generals were telling Haig that it was pointless to continue. No matter, Haig continued to hammer away for a further three months. Haig consistently told his soldiers that German morale and manpower were on the verge of collapse and that just one more push could break the enemy.To Haig’s defense it can be said that his army played a main part in defeating the German forces in the crucial battles of 1918. Furthermore, the Somme and Passchendaele, which are battles that have been known as unnecess ary murder of British troops, had sensible strategy, not least in the amount of damage they inflicted on the Germans. Moreover, Haig was not given a professional force; he was given a citizen army, which had less training and preparation for the battles. Additionally, the French tended to decide what to do during the battles, even though Haig was an independent commander.Besides, Germany had been working on placing high tech weapons onto the battlefield (quick-firing artillery and machine guns) and also low-tech defenses (trenches and barbed wire), which made Haig’s job considerably harder. At the battle of Loos, Sir John French wanted personal control of reserves. He therefore didn’t allow Haig (commander on the spot) to have them until it was too late, and the attack consequently failed causing thousands of casualties. Not to mention, at the battle of Neuve Chappelle, poor communications hampered the ability of Haig and the British Commander Sir John French, to send in reserves where they were needed.Also, when General Haig wanted to attack in Flanders, around Ypres, where the British army was closer to supplies and also to strategic targets just behind the German’s lines (coastal ports and coal mines). However, for the sake of unity in the alliance with France, the politicians at the time decided that the attack must come on the River Somme simply because this was where the British and French armies met in the trench line. The blame for the slaughter cannot, therefore, be placed entirely on Douglas Haig himself, simply because it was not his plan to attack on the River Somme.In addition, the German commanders would be fighting on ground they knew well, they also had the advantage of telephone cable which was deeply buried and therefore harder to cut. The German generals would therefore be able receive information far more quickly than their British counterparts. In conclusion, I think it is fair to criticize General Haig as a donkey who led lions. This is justifiable because Haig was often unprepared for the battle where he was responsible for thousands of men.Communication was a big problem for Haig; he did not insure that his soldiers were able to communicate messages during battle, which meant that soldiers were left confused, not understanding what there next plan of action was. Furthermore, General Haig’s had not been able to catch up with modern artillery and machine guns, which meant his battle tactics were often old fashioned and ineffective. Moreover, Haig was not able to accept intelligence that was passed on to him which meant he made drastic decisions, which would lead unsuspecting men to their deaths.

Boeing Aircraft Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boeing Aircraft Company - Case Study Example This American aircraft company is also respected for reportedly holding the most diverse, inventive and skilled workforce in the world (Boeing, 2013). The specific areas of competition that Boeing currently witnesses can be identified on the grounds of managerial economics, unique and valued added business strategy applications and managing the various external forces efficiently. In this regard, influence of changing customer behavior and competitive barriers raised by its chief contemporaries (including Airbus SAS) shall be noteworthy (Taylor & Tillmanns, 2002). Competitive Strategies applied by Boeing and Airbus Boeing has been successful in capturing a large proportion of the current aircraft market and subsequently, acquiring a significant position in the service industry. In the current scenario, Boeing exercises around 54% share of the aircraft market while its total commercial department amounted to $30.1 billion as on the year 2001. Notably, the invention of 747 Jumbo Jet in 1966 by Boeing brought about a revolution in the world of air travel. Correspondingly, Boeing had approached the aircraft market through a unique innovation of the large sized point to point aircrafts. Recently, it has developed a Wi-Fi inside the plane which will create an ease for the passengers in accessing internet during their journey in air (Taylor & Tillmanns, 2002). As apparent from the discussion, one of the approaches considered with principal significance by Boeing when entering the aircraft marketplace is continuous innovation. A chief competitor of Boeing, as was mentioned above, is Airbus SAS. Airbus was founded in the year 1970 as a result of association in the European aerospace industry. Later it was amalgamated into a single company by the year 2001. As on 2001, it captured 46% share of the global aircraft market being second to Boeing. Historically, the company was established by the European countries with an intention to compete with the larger American aircraf t companies and earn a good subsidiary form the European governments. It has a wide range of product line such as the Twin Aisle A340 and the Single Aisle A320. It is in this regard that working in a common market and above all, because Airbus was designed with an intention to compete with the American airline industry players, it tends to be a major rival to Boeing (Taylor & Tillmanns, 2002). Similarity and Differences between Boeing and Airbus Boeing and Airbuses, being the major competitors to each other, possess certain similarities as well as differences in various strategic aspects. On the basis of the notions related to managerial economics, both the companies can be observed to operate with a similar approach of customer service oriented management. Both the companies have therefore been designing the aircrafts keeping in mind the comfort of the customers and their growing needs of convenience as well as security. The aim of both the aircrafts has thus been centered to earn profits along with sustainability by rendering quality services in addressing almost every minute requirement of their targeted customers. Both of these are involved in the creation of additional benefits to the customers by developing newer and innovative aircrafts on a

Chinese Foreign Direct Investment Research Paper

Chinese Foreign Direct Investment - Research Paper Example This study examines Chinese investments in Zambia as foreign aid to the country. The general objective of the paper will be to find out whether Chinese foreign direct investments could lead to the long-term economic growth of Zambia. The paper seeks to fulfill these specific objectives:  This study examines Chinese investments in Zambia as foreign aid to the country. The general objective of the paper will be to find out whether Chinese foreign direct investments could lead to the long-term economic growth of Zambia. The paper seeks to fulfill these specific objectives:  1) To find out the extent of Chinese foreign direct investments in the Zambian Mines2) To establish the impact of the Chinese foreign direct investments on the performance of mining firms in Zambia.3) To investigate the effects of the mining firms on the economic growth of Zambia both in the short-term and long-term.Study questions based on the above objectives, this research will seek to answer these research qu estions regarding the foreign direct investment of China in Zambian Mining firms.  1) What is the extent of the Chinese Foreign direct investments in Zambian mining firms?2) What is the impact of the Chinese foreign direct investment on the performance of the Mining firms in Zambia?3) What is the existing relationship between Chinese foreign direct investments with short and long-term economic growth of Zambia?Study HypothesisThe Zambian economy is a small open economy that depends on the inflows of the foreign direct investments from China and export of the mining products from its economy. Therefore, this study seeks to fulfill the hypothesis that the Zambian economic growth is positively related to the FDI from China and increased export of Zambian mining products. Literature Review Financial Crisis and Chinese Economy The business environment experiences cycles that occur in different periods. Some of the cycles include the boom, recession, depression and lastly growth. As noted by Gruen, a recession is a cycle that occurs immediately after a boom. It

Leadership and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Leadership and management - Essay Example Palpably, Claire Fagin applies visionary leadership in her quest to research and establish a niche for the psychiatric nurse in the medical fraternity. She is an American academic, educator nurse and consultant who was born on 25 November 1926. Her academic credentials are a series of documents received from various universities in New York City including a Ph. D from the New York University, a Master’s degree in Nursing from the Columbia University and Bachelor’ s Degree in Science from the Wagner College. In her life, she has participated in programs involved in leading practice and thinking in education of nurses, geriatric nursing, policies of nursing and health, administration as well as leadership programs (Houser, Player and Sigma, 2004). Her career has involved covering major milestones and holding important posts. Between 1977 and 1992, Claire served on the University of Pennsylvania as the Dean of the School of Nursing before she joined the Institute of Medici ne, National Academy of Sciences as a scholar in Residence participating in geriatric nursing research (Houser et al 2004). The year 1993 was a good year for Fagin. She was Presidential Chair of the University of California, San Francisco, in the early weeks of the year. It was in the same year that she became the first woman Interim President in the Ivy League universities. She was the Interim President of University of Pennsylvania a post she held from July 1, 1993 until June 30 1994. In the same year that Claire held the office, she invested heavily on energy while contributing significantly to the University through program ms such as the Commission on Strengthening the Community (Houser et al 2004). A Democratic Leader Her leadership skills during the one-year term drew wide admiration and contributed to her being a Professor of leadership Emerita at the University of Pennsylvania. There are a number of styles incorporated by persons holding positions of leadership in group set tings of any scale. The ideas incorporated as well as the relationship between the leader and the members rely on the style applied by the leader. Claire Mintzer Fagin held a number of leadership posts in her long career (Houser et al 2004). The administration of her authority in these posts closely resembles the leadership style labeled democratic. According to Clark (2013), democratic style of leadership involves the participation and listening to the views of members of the group in the decision making process before the leader finally makes decisions. Clare encouraged the participation of the people in the organizations she managed. She believed and still does believe that communication using open channels is a key ingredient in the makeup of a successful leadership role administration (Houser et al 2004). Clare aimed to replace the atmosphere of distrust created by distance with a homely family-type environment in the university. Comparing Leadership Styles Based on the â€Å" Leadership Style Survey†, the delegate system of leadership scored highest in similarity to Claire Fagin’s leadership style. Participative leadership has been shown to increase employees’ motivation, feeling of power, and job performance in various countries and it has been reported as an effective leadership style for all cultures (Effects of participative, 2011). In contrast, delegate styles are the least effective of all three-leadership styles, which are authoritative,

Life for African Americans in the United States after slavery was Essay

Life for African Americans in the United States after slavery was abolished - Essay Example After the defeat of the Confederacy, the southern states faced economic and physical devastation. While millions of slaves got freedom legally, the political infrastructures of the southern states lost their legitimacy. Transformation of the South into a free labor economy and readmission of the southern states to the union imparted the need for reconstruction of the South. Freedom fight of the slaves in the post-Civil War and the Reconstruction Era transformed into a struggle for survival. Most of the slaves that had been withdrawn from the plantations were penniless. African Americans’ wages frequently fluctuated as a result of their perceived worth. Manual labor could be replaced easily in the post-Civil War era. There were only a few ex-slaves that had the kind of money to own a piece of land as a vast majority of the ex-slaves dealt with the issue of lack of source of income. As per the estimate of the 1880 Census, no more than 20 per cent of the African Americans were, i n part, the owners of the land on which they farmed (â€Å"Being an African American†). Most of such holdings were also beset with debt that led to the crippling of the ex-slaves in the long run. For some, life at the time of slavery was better than after its abolishment because as slaves, they at least had some place to sleep and eat at that time. Sharing his views on the dark side of emancipation in the post-Civil War era, Johnson stated, â€Å"Since them times, a many a nigger has had it tough to make a livin’. I know dat is so, too, cause I has been all long dere† (Johnson). Ex-slaves saw immense poverty during the Reconstruction Era. Years of prevalence of poverty caused a lack of medical care and nourishment among the ex-slaves which resulted in a high rate of mortality among the African Americans in general and among their children in particular. Ex-slaves were under the burden of due medical bills and were still not able to access the required medical at tention. Many started using herbal remedies to treat their illnesses. According to the Census of 1900, annual death rate of the African Americans was 30 in every 1,000 opposed to no more than 17 per 1,000 among the White Americans (â€Å"Being an African American†). 79 years old James Johnson, an ex-slave from Columbia noted that he â€Å"[felt] and [knew] dat de years after de war was worser than befo’† (Johnson). Although the slaves’ freedom was secured by The Emancipation Proclamation and victory of The Union, yet ex-slaves were not liberated under the Jim Crow Laws and segregation. Emancipation brought along with it new kinds of challenges, insecurities, and problems for the ex-slaves. Malnourishment and health deterioration were only some of the multitude of problems ex-slaves had to deal with in the post-Civil War era. A deep sense of isolation from their families weakened the ex-slaves emotionally and psychologically. This division was mainly cause d by the sale of slaves, owners’ death, and presentation of the slaves in the pre-Civil War era as gifts from one owner to another. The slaves’ newly found freedom was dampened by loneliness and alienation. White Americans not only saw the African Americans as a nuisance upon normality but also as a potential risk to their dominance. â€Å"Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and